Letter Similarity Data Set Archive


References


The following articles have been identified as containing relevant data sets.


Banister, H.
1927.
Block capital letters as tests of visual acuity.
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 11, 49-61.


Bell, G. L.
1967.
Effects of symbol frequency in legibility testing.
Human Factors, 9(5), 471-478.

Blommaert, F. J.
1988.
Early-visual factors in letter confusions.
Spatial Vision, 3(3), 199-224.


Blough, D. S.
1985.
Discrimination of letters and random dot patterns by pigeons and humans.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11(2), 261-280.


Boles, D. B. Clifford, J. E.
1989.
An upper- and lowercase alphabetic similarity matrix, with derived generation similarity values.
Behavior Research Methods,Instruments, & Computers, 21, 579-586.


Bouma, H.
1971.
Visual recognition of isolated lower-case letters.
Vision Research, 11, 459-474.


Briggs, R. Hocevar, D. J.
1975.
A new distinctive feature theory for upper case letters.
Journal of General Psychology, 93(1), 87-93.


Cattell, J. M.
1886.
Über die Tägheit der Netzhaut und des Sehcentrums.
Philosophische Studien, 3, 94-127.


Coffin, S.
1978.
Spatial frequency analysis of block letters does not predict experimental confusions.
Perception & Psychophysics, 23, 69-74.

Courrieu, P. de Falco, S.
1989.
Segmental vs. dynamic analysis of letter shape by preschool children.
Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 9(2), 189-198.


Craig, J. C.
1979.
A confusion matrix for tactually presented letters.
Perception & Psychophysics, 26(5), 409-411.


Dockeray, F. C. Pillsbury, W. B.
1910.
The span of vision in reading and the legibility of letters.
Journal of Educational Psychology, 1, 123-131.


Dunn-Rankin, P.
1968.
The similarity of lowercase letters of the English alphabet.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7(6), 990-995.


Dunn-Rankin, P., Leton, D. A. Shelton, V. F.
1968.
Congruency factors related to visual confusion of English letters.
Perceptual & Motor Skills, 26, 659-666.


Engel, G. R., Dougherty, W. C. Jones, G. B.
1973.
Correlation and letter recognition.
Canadian Journal of Psychology, 27(3), 317-326.


Fisher, D. F., Monty, R. A. Glucksberg, S.
1969.
Visual confusion matrices: Fact or artifact?
The Journal of Psychology, 71, 111-125.


Gervais, M. J., Harvey, L. O. Roberts, J. O.
1984.
Identification confusions among letters of the alphabet.
Perception & Psychophysics, 10, 655-666.


Geyer, L. H.
1977.
Recognition and confusion of the lowercase alphabet.
Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 487-490.


Geyer, L. H. DeWald, C. G.
1973.
Feature lists and confusion matrices.
Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 471-482.


Geyer, L. H. Gupta, S. M.
1981.
Recognition/confusion of dot matrix vs. conventional font capital letters.
Perception & Psychophysics, 29(3), 280-282.


Gibson, E. J.
1969.
Principles of learning and development.
New York: Meredith.

Gibson, E. J., Osser, H., Schiff, W. Smith, J.
1963.
An analysis of critical features of letters tested by a confusions matrix.
A Basic Research Program on Reading: Cooperative Research Project No. 639 ( 1-22).
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.


Gilmore, G. C., Hersh, H., Caramazza, A. Griffin, J.
1979.
Multidimensional letter similarity derived from recognition errors.
Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 425-431.


Green, D. M. Swetts, J. A.
1966.
Signal detection theory and psychophysics.
New York: Wiley.


Gupta, S. M., Geyer, L. H. Maalouf, J. A.
1983.
Effect of font and medium on recognition/confusion.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 144-149.


Hartridge, H. Owen, H. B.
1922.
Test types.
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 6, 543-549.


Heiser, W. J.
1988.
Selecting a stimulus set with prescribed structure from empirical confusion frequencies.
British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 41(1), 37-51.


Hodge, D. C.
1962.
Legibility of a uniform-strokewidth alphabet: I. Relative legibility of upper and lower case letters.
Journal of Engineering Psychology, 1, 23-46.

Jacobs, A. M., Nazir, T. A. Heller, O.
1989.
Perception of lowercase letters in peripheral vision: A discrimination matrix based on saccade latencies.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 46(1), 95-102.
Javal, M.
1881.
L'évolution de la typographie considérée dans ses rapports avec l'hygiène de la vue.
Revue Scientifique, XXVII, 802-813.


Johnson, J. R. Phillips, K. O.
1981.
Tactile spatial resolution. i. two-point discrimination, gap detection, grating resolution, and letter recognition.
Journal of Neurophysiology, 46, 1177-1192.


Keren, G. Baggen, S.
1981.
Recognition models of alphanumeric characters.
Perception & Psychophysics, 29, 234-246.


Kikuchi, T., Yamashita, Y., Sagawa, K. Wake, T.
1979.
An analysis of tactile letter confusions.
Perception & Psychophysics, 26(4), 295-301.


Korte, W.
1923.
Über die Gestaltauffassung im indirekten Sehen.
Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 93, 17-82.


Kuennapas, T. Janson, A.
1969.
Multidimensional similarity of letters.
Perceptual & Motor Skills, 28, 3-12.

Laughery, K. R.
1969.
Computer simulation of short-term memory: A component-decay model.
G. H. B. . J. T. Spence (), The psychology of learning & motivation: Advances in resarch and theory ( 3, 135-200).
New York: Academic Press.


Loomis, J. M.
1974.
Tactile letter recognition under different modes of stimulus presentation.
Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 401-408.


Loomis, J. M.
1982.
Analysis of tactile and visual confusion matrices.
Perception & Psychophysics, 31, 41-52.

Liu, L. Arditi, A.
2001.
How crowding affects letter confusion.
Optometry and Vision Science, 78, 50-55.

Mayzner, M. S.
1975.
Information processing and cognition: The loyola symposium.
R. L. Solso (), ( Studies of visual information processing in man).
Hillsdale, New Jersey: L. Erlbaum Associates.


McGraw, G., Rehling, J. Goldstone, R.
1994.
Letter perception: Toward a conceptual approach.
Proceedings of the sixteenth annual conference of the cognitive science society ( 613-618).
Atlanta, GA: The Cognitive Science Society.


Ovink, G. W.
1938.
Legibility, atmosphere-value, and forms of printing types.
Leiden, Holland: A. W. Sijthoff's Uitgeversmij N. V.


Paap, K. R., Newsome, S. L., McDonald, J. E. Schvaneveldt, R. W.
1982.
An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: The word-superiority effect.
Psychological Review, 89, 573-594.


Phillips, J. R., Johnson, K. O. Browne, H. M.
1983.
A comparison of visual and two modes of tactual letter resolution.
Perception & Psychophysics, 34(3), 243-249.


Podgorny, P. Garner, W.
1979.
Reaction time as a measure of inter- and intraobject visual similarity: Letters of the alphabet.
Perception & Psychophysics, 26, 37-52.


Popp, H. M.
1964.
Visual discrimination of alphabet letters.
The Reading Teacher, 17, 221-226.

Reich, L. N. Bedell, H. E.
2000.
Relative legibility and confusions of letter acuity in the peripheral and central retina.
Optometry and Vision Science, 77(5), 270-275.


Roethlein, B. E.
1912.
The relative legibility of different faces of printing types.
American Journal of Psychology, 23, 1-36.


Sanford, E. C.
1888.
The relative legibility of the small letters.
American Journal of Psychology, 1, 402-435.

Sanford, E. C.
1888.
The relative legibility of the small letters.
American Journal of Psychology, 1, 402-435.

Simpson, I. C., Mousikou, P., Montoya, J. M., & Defior, S. (2012). A letter visual-similarity matrix for Latin-based alphabets. Behavior Research Methods, 1-9.

Thorson, G.
1976.
An alternative for judging confusability of visual letters.
Perceptual & Motor Skills, 42(1), 116-118.


Tinker, M. A.
1928.
The relative legibility of the letters, the digits, and of certain mathematical signs.
Journal of General Psychology, 1, 472-496.


Townsend, J. T.
1971a.
Theoretical analyses of an alphabetic confusion matrix.
Perception & Psychophysics, 9, 40-50.

Townsend, J. T.
1971b.
Alphabetic confusion: A test of models for individuals.
Perception & Psychophysics, 9, 449-454.


Uttal, W. R.
1969.
Masking of alphabetic character recognition by dynamic visual noise (dvn).
Perception & Psychophysics, 6, 121-128.


van der Heijden, A. H. C., Malhas, M. S. van den Roovart, B. P.
1984.
An empirical interletter confusion matrix for continuous-line capitals.
Perception & Psychophysics, 35, 85-88.


van Nes, F. L.
1983.
New characters for Teletext with improved legibility.
IPO Annual Progress Report, 18, 108-113.


Watson, A. B. Fitzhugh, A. E.
1989.
Modelling character legibility.
Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, 20, 360-363.


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